The modeling of free-fall arch formation in granular flow through an aperture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, to predict the formation of the free-fall arch via granular flow through an aperture, an analytical model has been developed based on the particle-scale force equilibrium. This model calculates the size and location of the meta-stable arch and can be extended to predict the granular flow rate. According to the developed analytical model, the formation of a free-fall arch is independent of granular height and stress state above the arch, where only granular particle size, aperture size, and granular friction influence the development of the arch. Besides, this proposed model can predict the formation of the meta-stable arch without empirical parameters. In comparison with experimental results, the predicted granular flow rate based on the model exhibits high accuracy for uniform-sized granular flow. According to numerical simulations, the free-fall arch appears above the aperture; however, the particle velocity at the arch is low and can be considered negligible. Gravity will cause the granular particles under the arch to fall freely. This mathematical model offers an efficient method to predict the formation of the free-fall arch and calculate the granular flow rate through an aperture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".