Effect of <i>APOE ε</i>4 genotype on amyloid‐β, glucose metabolism, and gray matter volume in cognitively normal individuals and amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background and purpose The presence of apolipoprotein E ε 4 ( APOE ε 4) is associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer disease (AD). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of APOE ε 4 on amyloid‐β (Aβ) pathology, glucose metabolism, and gray matter (GM) volume and their longitudinal changes in healthy control (HC) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Methods We included 50 HCs and 109 aMCI patients from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative phase 2/GO based on availability of baseline T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging, 18 F‐florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET), and 18 F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET. Of these, 35 HCs and 67 aMCI patients who underwent 24‐month scans were included for follow‐up study. Results Voxelwise analysis revealed that APOE ε 4 carriers exhibited greater baseline Aβ deposition than APOE ε 4 noncarriers in both diagnostic groups. However, there was no significant difference between APOE ε 4 noncarriers and APOE ε 4 carriers in terms of 18 F‐FDG PET standardized uptake value ratio and GM volume. Region of interest‐based analysis showed statistically significant greater Aβ deposition in APOE ε 4 carriers than APOE ε 4 noncarriers only in aMCI patients. Furthermore, APOE ε 4 carriers generally exhibited a greater magnitude and spatial extent of longitudinal changes in Aβ deposition than APOE ε 4 noncarriers in both diagnostic groups. Conclusions Our findings suggest a differential effect of APOE ε 4 on Aβ pathology, glucose metabolism, and GM volume. Studying APOE ε 4‐related brain changes with neuroimaging biomarkers in preclinical AD offers an opportunity to further our understanding of the pathophysiology of AD at an early stage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".