Layer‐by‐Layer Processed Organic Photovoltaic Cells Using Slot‐Die‐Coating Methods and Non‐halogenated Solvents under Ambient Conditions with PCE of 10%
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Laboratory‐controlled conditions, spin‐coating method, and non‐ecofriendly halogenated solvents that have been employed for higher‐performance organic solar cells (OSCs) are not compatible with large‐scaled, roll‐to‐roll (R2R) manufacturing in ambient conditions. Slot‐die coating is a viable upscaling method, but the investigation of slot‐die‐coated OSCs is still rare, especially OSCs with all functional layers deposited with non‐halogenated solvents in air. Herein, all slot‐die coated devices are successfully manufactured by sequentially slot‐die coating the hole transport layer (PEDOT:PSS), the photoactive layers (PM6 and BTP‐4F‐12 (Y6‐C12)), and the electron transport layer (PFN‐Br). Because of solubility variation of photoactive components in non‐halogenated solvents (o‐Xylene and 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran (2‐MeTHF)), two bilayer‐processed photoactive films have been obtained via different solvent combinations (o‐Xylene/o‐Xylene for PM6 (o‐Xylene)/Y6C12 (o‐Xylene) and o‐Xylene/2‐MeTHF for PM6 (o‐Xylene)/Y6C12 (2‐MeTHF)). Different morphologies of bilayer‐processed photoactive films influence exciton dissociation and charge extraction properties of corresponding devices. Finally, the device hosting o‐Xylene/o‐Xylene processed photoactive film has a superior efficiency (10.6%) than the o‐Xylene/2‐MeTHF processed photoactive film‐based device (7.2%). Differently from device efficiency, the device based on o‐Xylene/2‐MeTHF processed photoactive film exhibits the preferable storage stability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Bench or experimental | high |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Bench or experimental | high |
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".