Dynamic shimming in the cervical spinal cord for multi-echo gradient-echo imaging at 3 T
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Obtaining high quality images of the spinal cord with MRI is difficult, partly due to the fact that the spinal cord is surrounded by a number of structures that have differing magnetic susceptibility. This causes inhomogeneities in the magnetic field, which in turn lead to image artifacts. In order to address this issue, linear compensation gradients can be employed. The latter can be generated using an MRI scanner's first order gradient coils and adjusted on a per-slice basis, in order to correct for through-plane ("z") magnetic field gradients. This approach is referred to as z-shimming. The aim of this study is two-fold. The first aim was to replicate aspects of a previous study wherein z-shimming was found to improve image quality in T2*-weighted echo-planar imaging. Our second aim was to improve upon the z-shimming approach by including in-plane compensation gradients and adjusting the compensation gradients during the image acquisition process so that they take into account respiration-induced magnetic field variations. We refer to this novel approach as realtime dynamic shimming. Measurements performed in a group of 12 healthy volunteers at 3 T show improved signal homogeneity along the spinal cord when using z-shimming. Signal homogeneity may be further improved by including realtime compensation for respiration-induced field gradients and by also doing this for gradients along the in-plane axes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it