Cortical and subcortical morphological alterations in motor subtypes of Parkinson’s disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) can be classified into an akinetic-rigid (AR) and a tremor-dominant (TD) subtype based on predominant motor symptoms. Patients with different motor subtypes often show divergent clinical manifestations; however, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to characterize the cortical and subcortical morphological alterations in motor subtypes of PD. T1-weighted MRI images were obtained for 90 patients with PD (64 with the AR subtype and 26 with the TD subtype) and 56 healthy controls (HCs). Cortical surface area, sulcal depth (measured by Freesurfer's Sulc index), and subcortical volume were computed to identify the cortical and subcortical morphological alterations in the two motor subtypes. Compared with HCs, we found widespread surface area reductions in the AR subtype yet sparse surface area reductions in the TD subtype. We found no significant Sulc change in the AR subtype yet increased Sulc in the right supramarginal gyrus in the TD subtype. The hippocampal volumes in both subtypes were lower than those of HCs. In PD patients, the surface area of left posterior cingulate cortex was positively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, while the Sulc value of right middle frontal gyrus was positively correlated with severity of motor impairments. Additionally, the hippocampal volumes were positively correlated with MMSE and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores and negatively correlated with severity of motor impairments and Hoehn & Yahr scores. Taken together, these findings may contribute to a better understanding of the neural substrates underlying the distinct symptom profiles in the two PD subtypes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".