Dependencies between animal and environmental factors and behavioral problems in horses: a survey-based analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Undesirable and stereotypical behaviors may indicate abnormalities in the living environment of animals. They have a negative impact on the welfare of animals and hinder the handling and use thereof. Unfortunately, horse owners often fail to recognize the causes of behavioral problems in their animals. The aim of the study was to analyze the breeding conditions, type of use and individual traits of horses in relation to displaying undesirable and stereotypical behavior. The assessment was made based on 609 online questionnaires completed by horse owners from Poland (n=376), UK (n=145), USA and Canada (n=66), Australia and NZ (n=22). It has been shown that the undesirable behaviors are influenced by e.g. access to pastures, presence of other horses on paddocks and supply frequency of roughage. Problematic behaviors are particularly frequently displayed by animals with a lively temperament. Horses should be kept under conditions meeting their feeding, social and locomotor behavioral needs. The evaluation of their individual traits may help to assess the risk of developing abnormal behavior and thus, to prevent it. Raising the awareness of horse keepers and breeders of the causes of problem behaviors should be the key issue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".