Genetic variability, biomass parameters, elemental composition and energy content of the non-indigenous hydromedusa <i>Craspedacusta sowerbii</i> in North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The freshwater hydrozoan Craspedacusta sowerbii was introduced to habitats around the world and they spread into the surrounding water bodies thereafter. Despite an increase in reported observations, little is known about its genetics, physiology and ecology. The present study examined the organic content, elemental composition and energy content of jellyfish collected in Canada and the USA and compared these metrics with their marine counterparts and other co-occurring zooplankton. Specimens from the sampled lakes were sexed and molecularly characterized. Molecular, stoichiometric and energetic information is critical in determining distribution pathways and trophic connections. Molecular analyses showed two closely related sequences in North America, one shared by the Canadian and Japanese specimens, while another one is widely present across the Americas. Organic and all elemental contents were higher compared to marine jellyfish species. Estimated energy content of C. sowerbii was 20–27 kJ g DW−1, which is 2-fold higher than for marine hydrozoans and compared well with cladocerans, copepods and rotifers. Estimated C/P values indicated that cladocerans and copepods are suitable prey for C. sowerbii and that jellyfish may compete with juvenile fish to fulfill similar nutrient demands. Freshwater jellyfish were stoichiometrically and energetically different from marine hydrozoans, indicating higher importance in freshwater food webs than previously thought.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".