Three-in-one: dye-volatile cocrystals exhibiting intensity-dependent photo-chromic, photo-mechanical and photo-carving response
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cocrystallization of a cis-azobenzene dye with volatile cocrystal former molecules, such as pyrazine and dioxane, leads to materials that exhibit at least three different light intensity-dependent responses upon irradiation with low-energy visible light. Specifically, the halogen bond-driven assembly of cis-(p-iodoperfluorophenyl)azobenzene with volatile halogen bond acceptors produces cocrystals whose light-induced behaviour varies significantly depending on the intensity of the light applied. Low-intensity (<1 mW∙cm-2) light irradiation leads to a colour change due to low levels of cis-trans isomerization. Irradiation at higher intensities (150 mW∙mm-2) produces photo-mechanical bending, caused by more extensive azo dye isomerization. At still higher irradiation intensities (2.25 W∙mm-2) the cocrystals undergo photo-carving, i.e. they are readily shaped, punctured, and cut with micrometer precision using laser light. This work demonstrates how the recently reported photo-carving behaviour can be combined with different types of photo-responses, providing a design for multi-responsive materials that can respond to different levels of irradiation with optical colour change, photo-mechanical bending, or photo-carving, as laser power is increased.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".