Standardized Evaluation of Current Ultrasound Bone Segmentation Algorithms on Multiple Datasets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) bone segmentation is an important component of US-guided or- thopaedic procedures. While there are many published segmentation techniques, there is no direct way to compare their performance. We present a solution to this, by curating a multi-institutional set of US images and corresponding segmentations, and systematically evaluating six previously-published bone segmentation algorithms using consistent metric definitions. We find that learning-based segmentation methods outperform traditional al- gorithms that rely on hand-crafted image features, as measured by their Dice scores, RMS distance errors and segmentation success rates. However, there is no single best performing algorithm across the datasets, emphasizing the need for carefully evaluating techniques on large, heterogenous datasets. The datasets and evaluation framework described can be used to accelerate development of new segmentation algorithms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".