Synthesis of ethanol, methanol and carboxylic acids using copper-based catalysts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recently, organic synthesis using carbon dioxide (CO2) has been actively studied for possible countermeasures against global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. The recycling and reuse of CO2 can reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and avoid further damage to the earth’s ecological environment. For example, many kinds of methods are advanced to prepare useful chemicals from CO2, where these useful chemicals include ethanol, methanol and carboxylic acid. The introduction of catalysts in CO2-based chemical synthesis can speed up the reaction and also tune the product species. The transition metal complexes have become essential in those synthesis reactions. As catalysts, they have a broad prospect because it is cheap in price, vast in reserves and less harmful to the environment. This research summarizes the function of copper-based catalysts in synthesis of different compounds, such as ethanol, methanol and carboxylic acid. The use of these catalysts is expected to provide a new idea for subsequent CO2-based organic synthesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".