Scalable Non-Halogenated Co-solvent System for Large-Area, Four-Layer Slot-Die-Coated Organic Photovoltaics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sustainable processing solvents, photoactive materials, and scalable manufacturing will play a key role in commercializing printed organic photovoltaics (OPVs). The record-breaking pioneering OPV reports have done an outstanding job in accelerating the discovery of champion photoactive materials and device engineering practices; however, these works predominantly involve health-hazardous halogenated processing solvents/additives and non-scalable thin-film coating methods. Herein, large-area slot-die-manufactured OPV cells from eco-friendly halogen-free solvents and synthetically scalable materials are showcased. All the four layers; electron transport layer (SnO 2 ), cathode interlayer (PDIN-H), bulk-heterojunction (BHJ, PTQ-10:BTP-4F-12), and hole transport layer [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS] are slot-die-coated in air. A non-halogenated co-solvent mixture of toluene and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran is presented as an optimal processing solvent to realize the high-quality thin films of PTQ10:BTP-4F-12. The unencapsulated champion solar cells characterized in ambient conditions (RH = 30%, T = 22 °C) exhibit power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 12.1 and 17.8% under 1 Sun (100 mW/cm 2 ) and indoor light-emitting diode lighting (580 μW/cm 2 ) conditions, respectively. Additionally, PEDOT:PSS is successfully slot-die-coated atop BHJ by mitigating wettability challenges with the aid of surface treatment. The all four-layer slot-die-coated OPVs exhibit a PCE of 9.55%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".