CHANG-ES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Context. Galactic winds play a key role in regulating the evolution of galaxies over cosmic time. In recent years, the role of cosmic rays (CRs) in the formation of the galactic wind has increasingly gained attention. Therefore, we use radio continuum data to analyse the CR transport in edge-on galaxies. Aims. With newly reduced radio continuum data of five edge-on galaxies (NGC 891, NGC 3432, NGC 4013, NGC 4157, and NGC 4631), we plan to set new constraints on the morphology of radio halos and the physical properties of galactic winds driven by stellar feedback. By distinguishing between the central and outer regions of the galaxies, our study setup allows us to search for variations in the radio halo profile or CR transport along the galactic disk. Methods. Data from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) Data Release 2 at 144 MHz (HBA) and reprocessed data from the Very Large Array (VLA) at 1.5 GHz ( L band) from the Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies – an EVLA Survey (CHANG-ES) enable us to increase the extent of the analysed radio continuum profile significantly (up to a factor of 2) compared to previous studies. We computed thermal emission maps using a mixture approach with H α and near-infrared data, which were then subtracted to yield radio synchrotron emission maps. Then we compiled non-thermal spectral index maps and computed intensity profiles using a box integration approach. Lastly, we performed 1D CR transport modelling. Results. The non-thermal spectral index maps show evidence that the LoTSS maps are affected by thermal absorption in star-forming regions. The scale height analysis reveals that most of the galaxies are equally well fitted with a one-component instead of a two-component exponential profile. We find a bi-modality within our sample. While NGC 3432 and NGC 4013 have similar scale heights in the L band and HBA, the low-frequency scale heights of NGC 891, NGC 4157, and NGC 4631 exceed their high-frequency counterpart significantly. The 1D CR transport modelling shows agreement between the predicted magnetic field strength and the magnetic field strength estimates of equipartition measurements. Additionally, we find an increasing difference in wind velocities (with increasing height over the galactic disk) between the central and outer regions of the analysed galaxies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".