Negative Impacts on Tourism of Yellow Jackets (<i>Vespula germanica</i>) in Wilderness Areas of Chile
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Invasions by insects are numerous worldwide. Vespula is a small genus of social wasps that can generate severe impacts in wild areas, disrupting ecosystem processes, preying on native arthropod species and small mammals, and causing harm to tourists. The yellow jacket (Vespula germanica) is an alien species introduced in several countries such as New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, the USA, Canada, Chile and Argentina. In Chile, severe impacts generated by this species have been identified, although their quantification and valuation are still scarce. Tourism is affected by the presence of yellow jackets as tourists can experience harm from them, such as bites while camping or at picnic sites. In addition, the tourist quality of experience can be negatively affected when yellow jackets affect native species they want to protect or see. These factors can compromise tourist visitation, affecting protected areas’ revenue. In this chapter, we present impacts related to tourism caused by yellow jackets in wild areas of Chile. Furthermore, we provide some economic estimations of such effects based on previous work developed by the authors of this chapter. Finally, we visualize future challenges for the management of this invasive species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".