Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The mean wake of a three-dimensional surface-mounted rectangular flat plate was studied experimentally in a low-speed wind tunnel for four different aspect (height-to-width) ratios, AR = 3, 2, 1, and 0.5. The Reynolds number based on the plate width was Re = 3.8 × 104 and the boundary layer thickness on the ground plane, relative to the plate width, was δ/W = 1.1. The incidence angle of the plate was varied from α = 0° (where the plate is normal to the flow) to α = 90° (where the plate is parallel to the flow). The mean velocity and vorticity fields in the wake were measured using a seven-hole pressure probe. At α = 0°, the length of the recirculation zone behind the plate becomes progressively shorter as the aspect ratio is lowered and follows the same tendency as that of a finite square prism. The wakes of the slenderer flat plates of AR = 3 and 2 are characterised by two pairs of streamwise vortices: a pair of tip vortices in the upper wake and a pair of ground-plane vortices on the lower edges of the wake. With increasing incidence angle, a single tip vortex comes to dominate the wake, secondary vorticity is induced at various locations, a ‘traffic light’ vortex pattern may form, and ultimately a familiar wing-tip (trailing) vortex develops. In contrast, flow downstream of the less slender flat plates of AR = 1 and 0.5 is characterised by a single pair of large streamwise vortices, which become asymmetric with increasing incidence. Close to the flat plate of AR = 0.5, and at small incidence angles only, a unique pair of small inner vorticity concentrations, of opposite sense of rotation to the main streamwise vortices, is found in the upper part of the wake.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".