Geographical variation in the Bar-tailed Trogon Apaloderma vittatum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Distributed in four areas of Africa (‘Eastern’—east of the Gregory Rift Valley from central Kenya south to Malawi; ‘Central’—west of the Gregory Rift from western Kenya and western Uganda south to Burundi and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo; ‘Western’—Nigeria and Cameroon plus Bioko; and Angola), Bar-tailed Trogon Apaloderma vittatum is at present widely judged to be monotypic. However, photographic evidence reveals three different facial patterns in these populations, with a bare ear spot and whitish-green bill in Eastern and Angolan birds, a bare ear spot, golden-yellow bill and bare gape line in Central birds, and these same features plus a distinct bare crescent above the eye in Western birds. Central and Western birds also have broader, more distinct barring on the wing panel. Moreover, there is a stepped cline in sizes in these three distinct populations, from Eastern plus Angola (largest) through Central to Western (smallest), with Bioko birds having notably short tails; and songs also decelerate from east to west, but with too much overlap to be diagnosable. Nevertheless, under the Tobias criteria the morphological differences of Central and Western birds vs. Eastern and Angolan populations accord the former species rank, for which the name camerunense is available. This latter species itself breaks into three subspecies, with the nominate in Nigeria and Cameroon, francisci on Bioko, and a new name for the hitherto taxonomically unrecognised Central populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".