Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We assess the performance of the thermal ion imaging (TII) technique as conceived for the Swarm Earth Explorer satellites. Analysis, simulation, and laboratory testing performed prior to flight provided estimates of systematic and random error sources of the electric field instrument’s vector ion drift, electric field, and ion kinetic temperature measurements. An end-to-end instrument simulator, consisting of models of the TIIs on a prototypical Swarm satellite orbiting Earth with ionospheric plasma, electric field, and magnetic field inputs, was used to generate TII sensor data (level 0 instrument data). These data were processed with a prototype processor (the level 1b processor) to characterize theoretical measurement performance. We describe the methodology used to assess TII measurement uncertainty and present the main findings of the end-to-end measurement performance study. In addition, we assess the measurement performance achieved during approximately eight years of orbital operations. Example measurements demonstrate the quality of ion drift velocity. Unprocessed TII imagery reveals spurious signals which can affect measurement performance. Availability of such imagery has proven vital for diagnosing measurement anomalies associated with sensor operation and spacecraft–plasma interactions. Graphical Abstract
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".