THE LIMITS TO INTERNATIONAL OPEN INNOVATION WITHIN SMEs: THE ROLE OF DISTANCE
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines the limits to adoption of open innovation (OI) within SMEs in an in-ternational context. In-depth interviews were conducted with managers at 40 Canadian SMEs that operate internationally. The results show that these limits are a function of in-ternational distance, which has cultural, institutional, economic, and geographic dimen-sions. We also found that individual factors (international experience, communication, personal values), organisational factors (economic sector, size, international seniority, international entry mode, available resources, dynamic capabilities, organisational culture), and contextual factors (laws and regulations) can increase or decrease the impact of cultural, institutional, economic, or geographic distance. We contribute to the OI literature by describing the limits to OI in an international context. These findings will help managers identify the limits to their use of international OI, as well as the factors that strengthen or mitigate those limits.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it