Whole genome assemblies of <i>Zophobas morio</i> and <i>Tenebrio molitor</i>
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Zophobas morio (= Zophobas atratus ) and Tenebrio molitor are darkling beetles with industrial importance due to their use as feeder insects, their potential for use in aquafeed and human food products, and their apparent ability to biodegrade various plastic polymers. We report draft genome assemblies for Z. morio and T. molitor generated from Nanopore and Illumina data. Following scaffolding against published genomes, haploid assemblies of 462 Mb (scaffold N90 of 16.8 Mb) and 258 Mb (scaffold N90 of 5.9 Mb) were produced for Z. morio and T. molitor , respectively. Gene prediction led to the prediction of 28,544 and 19,830 genes for Z. morio and T. molitor , respectively. BUSCO analyses suggested both assemblies have a high level of completeness; 91.5% and 89.0% of the BUSCO endopterygota marker genes were complete in the Z. morio assembly and proteome, respectively, while 99.1% and 92.8% were complete in the T. molitor assembly and proteome, respectively. Phylogenomic analyses of four genera from the family Tenebrionidae yielded phylogenies consistent with those previously constructed based on mitochondrial genomes. Synteny analyses revealed large stretches of macrosynteny across the family Tenebrionidae, as well as numerous within-chromosome rearrangements. Finally, orthogroup analysis identified ∼28,000 gene families across the family Tenebrionidae, of which 8,185 were identified in all five of the analyzed species, and 10,837 were conserved between Z. morio and T. molitor . We expect that the availability of multiple whole genome sequences for Z. morio and T. molitor will facilitate population genetics studies to identify genetic variation associated with industrially relevant phenotypes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it