Miliary Bovine Tuberculosis in Buffaloes in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Bubalus bubalis (river buffaloes) are widely distributed in the southern marshes of Iraq. This study intends to record a case of miliary tuberculosis in buffalo for the first time in Al Muthanna abattoir, Iraq, with its clinical, gross, and histopathological findings and microbiological investigations.
 Case Description: Ten years old buffalo showed chronic cough, infertility, emaciation, debilitation, lower milk production, loss of weight, and loss of appetite for 2 months; during meat inspection, thousands of various size typical tubercles, yellowish, granulomatous, and caseous lesions were distributed over all the body.
 Results: Microscopically, features of tuberculosis granuloma lesions were observed and revealed oval or round caseous necrosis with irregular central areas. Moreover, mineralization was enclosed by a thin to a broad layer of diverse inflammatory cells and solid collagenous connective tissue sheath. Moreover, a direct smear from the lesion stained by the Ziehl-Neelsen stain showed a slightly curved, red, and straight rod that was seen alone or in clusters, indicating the bacilli of tuberculosis. Additionally, the growing bacteria on the Löwenstein-Jensen media slant revealed flat, smooth, moist, white, not pigmented colonies suggestive of M. Bovis that revealed typical results with traditional biochemical tests, including negative reaction to nitrate reduction, niacin test, and deamination of pyrazinamide.
 Conclusion: For the author’s knowledge, this is the first case report of miliary bovine tuberculosis in buffalo in Iraq. The diagnosis was made according to clinical signs, gross pathology, and histopathological features supported by Ziehl-Neelsen stain and bacterial isolation. The author recommends future epidemiological molecular studies to improve the diagnosis tools of bovine tuberculosis in Iraq and investigate the causative agent M. Bovis to establish the roles for disease control that becomes much more challenging.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".