Multi-Scale Electroplated Porous Coating for Immersion Cooling of Electronics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High thermal dissipation power in new generation processors is excessively demanding for cooling systems. Immersion cooling using the phase-change of dielectric liquids is a viable candidate for electronic cooling. Porous coatings are one of the most efficient methods of increasing the boiling heat transfer and evacuating heat from electronic components under immersion cooling. We have developed a novel multi-scale electroplated porous (MuSEP) coating with a random pore size distribution across its surface that increases the boiling efficiency significantly. The coating is deposited at room temperature and can be added to off-the-shelf electronic parts like CPU and GPU. A dielectric highly wetting liquid, Novec™ 649 from the 3M Corporation, was used in pool boiling experiments with different surface characteristics: bare copper, a commercial Boiling Enhancement Coating (BEC™) from the 3M Corporation, and the MuSEP coating. A 4 mm-thick heat spreader, with an area of 22 cm2, was attached to a heater, with surface dimensions of 2.54 cm by 2.54 cm. The best results were achieved with the MuSEP coating, as it could improve the boiling heat transfer coefficient (HTC) by 108% versus the bare copper surface and by 38% versus the BEC™, at (250±11) W (average heat flux through the boiling surface of (11.3±0.5) W/cm2). At that power, the case temperature was (68±0.1)°C for the MuSEP coating, (79±0.1) °C for the BEC™, and (93±0.1)°C for the bare copper surface. The surface to liquid thermal resistance (Rs–l) was reduced from (0.186±0.008) °C/W to (0.089±0.004) °C/W when boiling on the MuSEP coating compared to the bare copper surface. Also, the MuSEP coating exhibited the lowest thermal resistance at lower power. The reliability of the MuSEP coating was proven after passing more than 22000 integrated hours of tests for functioning CPU in a two-phase thermosyphon cooling prototype and more than 5500 integrated hours in a total immersion cooling application. With a superior boiling performance, low fabrication cost, and reliability, the MuSEP coating could be an essential element for future commercial two-phase cooling solutions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".