Unidirective Miniaturized Ultrawideband Antenna for Sensing Buried Objects in Handheld Ground-Penetrating Radar Systems: A design approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ground-penetrating radars (GPR) using ultrawideband (UWB) technology have attracted a lot of research interests worldwide for high-resolution sensing and material characterization. This research contribution, therefore, introduces a miniaturized lightweight UWB antenna with high-gain characteristics for applications in handheld GPR systems. The high-gain antenna is developed to function in the 3.13–11.74-GHz wide frequency range such that it can allow high-resolution sensing of buried targets, such as landmines, metal pipes, and other structures. An elliptical quadrant-shaped UWB monopole radiator with a protuberant ground plane is conceptualized to constitute a highly miniaturized antenna of size <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${18}\,{\times}\,{11}\,{\text{mm}}^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> . The standalone UWB antenna realizes an impedance bandwidth of 3.07–11.67 GHz with a peak gain of 2.9 dBi. Next, a single-side copper-coated dielectric substrate as a reflector is placed beneath the antenna to attain a significant gain improvement. The proposed design with a reflector provides an average gain improvement of about 7.1 dB without influencing the original bandwidth. For experimental validation, a prototype is fabricated and characterized. The measured performance reveals close agreement with the simulation with an operating bandwidth of 3.19–11.83 GHz and a maximum gain of approximately 10 dBi at 4.02 GHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".