A 7.6-ns Delay Subthreshold Level-Shifter Leveraging a Composite Transistor and a Voltage-Controlled Current Source
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel level shifter (LS) circuit that uses a new low-power approach based on a parasitic capacitance voltage controlled current source is presented to minimize the propagation delay (PD) and maximize the voltage conversion range. This new scheme uses a simplified circuit including a dependent current source, a composite transistor made of three interconnected n-channel MOSFETs (TnM), one CMOS input inverter, and one CMOS output buffer to provide a fast response time. The circuit utilizes the combined action of the equivalent parasitic capacitance of the TnM, the value of which changes dynamically according to the transient value of the input voltage, and the dependent current source to shift the input signal level up from subthreshold voltage levels to +3.0 V, with minimal delay and power consumption. The LS circuit fabricated in 0.35 μm CMOS technology occupies a silicon area of only 25 μm×25 μm. The LS shows measured rising and falling PDs of, respectively, 4 and 11.2 ns. The measured results show that the presented circuit outperforms other solutions over a wide frequency range of 1 to 130 MHz. The fabricated circuit consumes a static power 31.5 pW and a dynamic power of 3.4 pJ per transition at 1 kHz, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DDL</sub> =0.8 V, and a capacitive load of C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> =0.1 pF.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".