“Ukraine and its last troubadour”. An unexpected story about Ukraine in the Spanish press of the XIX century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article examines the perception of the Spanish reading public about Ukraine in the third quarter of the XIX century. For this, two groups of journalistic materials were analyzed - "Letters from Russia" (1856–1857) by Juan Valera and the article with a continuation "Ukraine and its last troubadour", published in the official publication "Gaceta de Madrid" in 1878, which was first introduced in scientific circulation. The content of these publications is defined as a turning point in the perception of Ukrainian lands. This was influenced by the spread of the ethnographic approach, which required the study of peoples instead of states and offered a systematic historical and cultural image of the population of the southwestern provinces of the Russian Empire. In the "Letters" of J. Valera, there is still an established until the beginning of the 19th century, the dichotomy of the negative and positive image of the Cossack; on the other hand, in the materials of "Gaceta de Madrid", the story about the Cossacks fits into the broader context of the past and present population of the modern Ukrainian lands, for which the author mainly uses the term "Ukraine" (Ukrania) and much less often "Little Russia" ( la pequeña Rusia). This allows us to state that thanks to the ethnographic approach, there was a transition from the idea of the semi-wild lands of the Cossacks and Tatars, lost in the not-so-wide expanses of Eastern Europe, to a clearly defined ethnographic territory, which in the modern era took the name of Ukraine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".