Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Atlantic Ocean forms the western boundary of the EU and is the second largest of the world’s oceans. In an EU context, the Atlantic Basin consists of France, the island of Ireland, Portugal, Spain and, for the immediate future, the UK. Within Britain, the western parts of England and Scotland and all of Wales are included. Additional boundaries occur with the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man. All the Atlantic Basin countries are parties to the UN Law of the Sea Convention and many have large offshore maritime areas. Portugal has one of the largest Economic Exclusive Zones in Europe covering more than 1.7 million km 2 , more than 18 times the country’s territorial space ( ECORYS et al ., 2014 ). Ireland’s EEZ is approximately nine times its land mass ( Government of Ireland, 2012 ). The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, extending from Iceland to approximately 58° South, forms a natural East – West boundary dividing the North Atlantic into two large troughs with depths from 3,700–5,500m (Marine Institute and Marine Board – ESF, 2011 ). The international waters of the Atlantic Ocean stretch westward to the Americas, eastward to Africa and the Indian Ocean, southward to the Southern Ocean and northward to the Arctic Ocean. Between the EU, cooperation with USA and Canada is common in relation to certain specific areas e.g. Atlantic Ocean Research and ocean observation through Galway Statement on Atlantic Ocean Cooperation ( Marine Institute, 2013 ). All EU countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean have extensive coastlines and large populations reside within the coastal zone, except for those on the open Atlantic seaboard which have fewer than 10 inhabitants per km 2 in some remote areas (Marine Institute and Marine Board – ESF, 2011 ). Coastal areas vary from indented rocky coastlines, to sandy beaches and sheltered estuarine mudflats.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".