Inhibition and eradication of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm by phytochemical extracts of cranberry and sumac berry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Diverse infections occur due to specific virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes, such as surface proteins and their biofilm formation capacity. This study aimed to assess the anti-biofilm effects of phytochemical-rich fruit extracts of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and sumac berry (Rhus typhina). Methods: Biofilm inhibition and eradication potential of the berries were tested by metabolic activity measurement and viable cell count technique as well as visualization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm eradicating concentration of cranberry and sumac berry extracts ranged from 1 to >4 mg mL-1 and 2 to >16 mg mL-1, respectively. The effects of these extracts on the pre-formed biofilms and biofilm formation were imaged. The scanning electron microscopy images were indicative that the extracts could affect the integrity of bacteria hence quenching the biofilm formation capacity of S. pyogenes Conclusion: Further investigations on quorum sensing and exopolysaccharide formation can confirm the anti-biofilm potency of extracts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".