High Heat Flux Removal by Water Jet Impingement using 3D Printed Nozzles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polymer nozzles, made with a 3D printer using stereolithography, were used to impinge water jets on a high heat-flux surface. The nozzles had nine staggered orifices from which water emerged, flowed through an internal cavity over the heated surface, and then returned through a slot. Multiple nozzles were made with varying cavity heights (0.25 mm to 2 mm), while the jet diameter (0.75 mm) and spacing between jets (1mm) were kept constant. Experiments were done to measure convective heat transfer from a copper surface with a surface area of 0.143 cm2emitting heat fluxes of 50 to 900 W/cm2while varying the water flow rate from 0.1 to 1.0 L/min. An energy balance was used to estimate the heat transfer from the copper surface to the coolant. Heat transfer increased with the water flow rate. It was possible to remove the highest heat flux while avoiding boiling. Reducing the cavity height while keeping the water flow rate constant increased the flow velocity and enhanced convection, but also raised the pressure drop across the nozzle. Heat transfer coefficients as high as 120,000 W/m2°C were measured during impingement cooling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".