Underscoring the Vulnerability of Livelihood Activities of Rural Households to SoilErosion in Imo State, Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study underscored the vulnerability of livelihood activities of rural households to erosion menace in Imo State, Nigeria.Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of rural households in Imo State; identified the livelihood activities of rural households in the study area; and ascertained the perceived effects of soil erosion on predisposed livelihood activities of rural households.Data were collected from 90 households selected through multistage sampling procedure using structured questionnaire.Data analysis was performed using percentage, mean score from the result, the sampled household members were dominated (53.3%) by male gender with average age of 44 years and Secondary school qualification (50.0%).In terms of social organization membership, 63.3% of them did not belong to any social organizations, and at the same time 63.3% lacked access to credit, while 46.6% of the households indicated having extension forth-nightly.From the result, majority (93.3%) of the rural households were into crop production.followed by 85.5% who derived their livelihood from livestock production.The result showed that soil erosion is capable of destroying 9 (nine) predisposed livelihood earnings of rural households out of the 19 livelihood activities understudied.These include the tendency of destroying farm lands (Mean = 3.1), reducing crop yield (Mean = 2.9), destroying economic trees (M = 2.8), impoverishing farm lands (Mean = 2.6), increasing of cost hiring farm labour (Mean = 2.6), marketing difficult (Mean = 2.7), decreasing income diversification of rural households (Mean = 2.8), destroying residential buildings and farm structures (Mean = 2.5).The study concluded that rural households in Imo State engage in multiple streams of nonfarm activities that directly or indirectly predispose farm activities to soil erosion.Hence, it is recommended that environmental friendly policies like government's support for soil conservation farming, organic farming should be put in place by the government to increase the consciousness of protecting the soil from actions that predispose it to erosion
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".