Effect of Phase Difference on Wake Characteristics and Propulsive Performance of Pitching Foils in Side-by-Side Configurations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Numerical investigations of unsteady flows around two pitching foils arranged in side-by-side (parallel) configurations, as a simplified models of fish schools are conducted in OpenFOAM for a range of Strouhal number from 0.15 to 0.5 and at a fixed Reynolds number of 4000. Effects of the phase difference between motions of the two foils is examined in the range of ϕ = 0 – π of increments of π/6. Phase differences of ϕ = π/6, π/2, and 5π/6 with Strouhal numbers of St = 0.25 and 0.4 are selected for analyzing transitions and evolution in the wake. The phase difference has a major impact on characteristics of the wake. Smaller phase angles, such as ϕ = π/6, lead to the development of a merged wake, resembling the wake of two foils undergoing in-phase pitching motion. On the other hand, a split wake is observed when the phase difference is set to higher values, e.g., ϕ = 5π/6, which resemble the wake of those performing out-of-phase pitching motion. Also, ϕ = π/2 yields maximum disparity between the propulsive performance of the foils, which drops to zero as the phase angle approaches to in-phase or out-of-phase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".