De nuevo sobre la polisemia de «saber + infinitivo» y su comportamiento gramatical: otro universal vernáculo del español
Bibliographic record
Abstract
"This grammar note describes and analyzes the polysemy of the verb saber (‘to know’) in current Spanish. Specifically, it summarizes the values that it presents as a full verb or saber1, with a base meaning of ability or capacity (Juan sabe nadar), and as a double auxiliary: saber2 or frequent aspectual auxiliary verb equivalent to soler, acostumbrar (Los sillones vacíos saben estar ocupados a veces), and saber3 or culminative aspectual auxiliary verb similar to alcanzar, lograr, llegar a (Es un país que supo ser espléndido). Likewise, the forms it adopts (saber + infinitive), the verb tenses in which it appears registered, and its use as a modal verb are reviewed. Documentation of this use throughout the history of the Spanish language as well as examples in other Romance languages is offered. All this allows us to propose that we are facing a vernacular universal in Spanish."
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".