The Parkhill Phase Middle Paleoindian Hipwater Site, Great Lakes, USA

ABSTRACTThe Hipwater Locale is a small Parkhill Phase Middle Paleoindian (ca. 12,200–11,600 cal yr BP) assemblage from south central lower Michigan, recovered by the property owners and the lead author. Interdisciplinary analysis reveals that the locale is likely a short term but intensive discard location with an assemblage composed of unfinished and broken fluted and unfluted bifaces with almost no associated debitage. There is evidence for a hearth in the form of soil discoloration, fire-cracked rock, color and structural alteration of tool stone, and thermal fractures. Tool-stone sources are local Bayport chert as assessed through hand-specimen characteristics and portable X-ray fluorescence analyses. Microwear and protein residue analyses corroborate the use of one tool fragment for use on rabbit/hare or deer/elk. Implications of the several analyses are discussed and synthesized.KEYWORDS: Parkhill PhaseBarnesPaleoindianGreat LakesMichigan AcknowledgementsWe thank the Hipwater Family for donating the Parkhill Phase Paleoindian artifact collection from their property to the MSU Museum, and for allowing sufficient property access for us to interpret artifact assemblage context and integrity. Collection access was provided by the MSU Museum, and laboratory facilities by the MSU Consortium for Archaeological Research and Department of Anthropology. Particle-size data were generated on a Malvern Mastersizer 2000ETM laser particle size analyzer made available by the MSU Department of Geographic, Spatial and Environmental Sciences. The late G. William Monaghan of Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, and Indiana University, undertook analysis of LiDar imagery and production of the base image for Figure 3.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Correction StatementThis article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by private donations.Notes on contributorsWilliam A. LovisWilliam A. Lovis, PhD, is Curator and Professor Emeritus at Michigan State University. Lovis' ongoing work is with regional site taphonomy and geoarchaeology, and carbonized ceramic residue analysis including the Freshwater Reservoir Effect and Offsets. This research is contextualized in regional hunter-gatherer mobility and responses to environmental change, and the transition to horticulture in the Great Lakes and England. Lovis operationalizes his work through interdisciplinary collaboration with the earth and natural sciences, coupled with ethnographic analogy and actualistic experimental archaeology. Outcomes of his multifaceted approach are regularly disseminated, most recently in Marking the Land (Routledge, with R. Whallon).Alan F. ArbogastAlan F. Arbogast (PhD, Kansas 1995) is professor and former chair of the MSU Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences. Arbogast is a physical geographer and geomorphologist specializing on Late-Quaternary landscape evolution of eolian and fluvial environments. Funded by the National Science Foundation and State of Michigan, he has conducted research on the geomorphic history of coastal sand dunes along Lake Michigan and on Michigan's interior dune fields, as well as the evolution of the upper Muskegon river valley. Arbogast is author of the widely adopted textbook Discovering Physical Geography (John Wiley and Sons, Inc.).Dillon H. CarrDillon H. Carr (PhD, Michigan State University 2012) is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at Grand Rapids Community College and is currently serving as department chair for Social Sciences. His research principally focuses on the Paleoindian tradition throughout the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada and has conducted fieldwork across Wisconsin, Michigan, and Ontario. His research has sought to examine human-environmental relationships during the terminal Pleistocene, better understand the organization of Paleoindian stone tool technological systems, and reconstruct Paleoindian social networks.Randolph E. DonahueRandolph E. Donahue (PhD Michigan State University 1986) specializes in the Stone Age, archaeological and quantitative methods, hunter-gatherers, and lithic microwear and technology, with field experiences in Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, National Environmental Research Council, the British Academy, and English Heritage. Donahue taught at SUNY-Stony Brook, University of Sheffield, and University of Bradford. He is currently Adjunct Associate Professor of Anthropology MSU, Senior Associate of the Lithic Microwear Research Laboratory, on the editorial board of Nature Scientific Reports and Associate Editor for Cave Archaeology and Palaeontology Research Archive.Kurt RademakerKurt Rademaker (PhD, University of Maine 2012) is an archaeologist who investigates the initial hunter-gatherer settlement of South America and long-term human-environment interactions. He has led archaeological survey and excavation projects throughout the United States and Peru and participated in field research on volcanic and glacial geomorphology. His current research is focused on Terminal Pleistocene to Middle Holocene settlement dynamics and biocultural adaptations in the high Andes.Kevin McKeehanKevin McKeehan received his PhD in Geography from Michigan State University in 2022, specializing in geomorphology and aeolian environments. He has conducted research in the Great Lakes and Great Plains regions of the United States. Currently, Dr. McKeehan is a Research Physical Scientist and a Mendenhall Research Fellow at the U.S. Geological Survey's Center of Excellence in Geographic Information Science.

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