Estimation of Hot-Spot Heating in OIP Transformer Bushings Due to Geomagnetically Induced Current
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper studies the temperature distribution in the transformer bushing in the presence of Geomagnetically Induced Current (GIC). The thermal stress can significantly affect the transformer bushing reliability and lifespan. However, the existing research works have focused on thermal modeling of transformer bushing due to loading, and the impact of GIC on this valuable apparatus has not been investigated yet. In this paper, the hot-spot temperature (HST) in an oil-impregnated paper (OIP) bushing is studied during the GIC. The harmonic currents at various GIC levels are obtained from the EMTP-RV time-domain simulations using a detailed topological transformer model. Based on a frequency-dependent model of the bushing resistance, the total power loss is calculated by taking into account the GIC, load current, and harmonic currents. Subsequently, the temperature distribution in the modeled bushing is obtained from the finite-element method (FEM), considering all thermal mechanisms, including fluid flow, internal convection, and thermal conduction. In addition, a Thermal Equivalent Circuit (TEC) is developed for the bushing that replicates the FEM results. The simulation results reveal that the bushing HST may exceeds the recommended permissible temperature of the IEEE bushing standard. This situation may result in bushing insulation deterioration and reduction of the bushing lifespan.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it