Code-Switching and Code-Mixing: Insights into Portuguese-Umbundu Speakers in Huambo (Angola)
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This empirical research focuses on the dynamics of language contact in the province of Huambo (Angola), in the interaction between Portuguese and Umbundu speakers. The study sought to address two issues which were investigated in the corpus: (i) How do Portuguese and Umbundu speakers in Huambo switch their respective codes? ii) What social circumstances determine how Code-switching (CS) and Code-mixing (CM) occur between these speakers? This work employed the focus group methodological approach in an effort to encourage natural interaction among the speakers. The conversations of the three groups were recorded, namely group 1 (aged 12 to 17), group 2 (aged 18 to 27) and group 3 (aged 28 onwards). The aim was to trace the sociolinguistic variables that forced speakers to frequently switch between different codes. The findings obtained from the study suggest that the speakers performed CS and CM in the three groups sampled. Interestingly, the study also discovered that the age factor influences how frequently CS and CM are used. Theoretically, this research is grounded in the Language Contact theory with the main focus on the work of Inverno (2006, 2011); Figueiredo and Oliveira (2013); Oliveira (2014) and Formal Grammar for Code-switching (see Sankoff and Poplack, 1981).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it