How You Treat Me Matters: The Role of Incivility Behaviours in Close Relationships Formed Between Individuals in Virtual Work
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of the current study is to understand the impact of civility and incivility in virtual work between management and staff, and its effects on employee outcomes (e.g., burnout, workplace anxiety). To test the hypotheses that incivility will lead to higher job burnout and workplace anxiety between employees and their management, an online survey was distributed to virtually working employees across Canada. Participants were recruited based on an applied sample and asked to respond to the material. Responses from participants were analyzed using a correlational analysis. The results showed that although incivility does lead to job burnout and workplace anxiety in virtual, the prediction that these experiences would be more frequent was not supported. These results suggest that incivility may not be as present in virtual work as originally anticipated. In order to develop more understanding of virtual work in the future, it is imperative to develop institutional and interpersonal recommendations that maintain supportive, psychologically safe, and respectful dynamics between management and their staff.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.034 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".