Safety Distance During Escort and Convoy Based on Channel Breakout Simulation and Model Tests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Escort and convoy are typical operations when a merchant ship navigates in ice beyond its own ice-going capability. In such scenarios, a safety distance between the front ship and the following ship is maintained. The leading vessel may suddenly decelerate or even come to a halt if it encounters a heavy ridge or thick ice floe. When this happens, the following ship needs to take actions to avoid collision with the leading vessel. An evasive operation for such collision avoidance is to break out of the channel. The safety distance can be defined as the minimum distance which is needed for successful collision avoidance. This depends on various parameters such as ice thickness, ship speed, channel width, the ship’s icebreaking capability and its manoeuvrability in ice. This paper investigates safety distance during escort and convoy by model-scale experiments and numerical simulation of a ship breaking out of ice channel. The experiments are carried out at Aalto Ice Tank and the numerical simulations are conducted via the in-house simulation software package of Aalto University Marine Technology group. The dependencies of the safety distance on ice thickness, channel width and initial speed are identified via multiple experimental and simulation runs. The simulation proves to provide accurate estimation on breakout distance through comparison with model test results, and reveals the influence of ice thickness, channel width and initial speed on the breakout distance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".