Deposition Behavior of Copper Particles onto Flat Substrate Surface in Cold Spraying
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study investigates the deposition behavior of cold sprayed copper particles on flat surfaces. In the experiments, a Laval-barrel nozzle was used to spray water atomized spherical copper particles with a mean diameter of 5 µm onto mirror-polished stainless steel. The particles were similar in morphology regardless of spraying conditions with an average bonding strength of 60 MPa as determined by nano scratch (shear) testing. An amorphous-like layer at the particle-substrate interface indicates that the deformation of the particles initially destroys their surface oxide, revealing an active fresh surface that facilitates metallic bonding. At higher spray velocities, metal jetting is observed at the periphery of flattened particles and its relationship with deposition efficiency is statistically analyzed and put forth as a potential method for controlling the cold spray process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".