Revisión sobre la presencia del Pequeño Escarabajo de la Colmena, Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) infestando colonias de abejas nativas sin aguijón (Apidae: Meliponini)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The breeding and care of native stingless bees is known as “meliponiculture”, an ancient activity of environmental and socioeconomic importance. In Costa Rica, there are more than 50 species of stingless bees, Melipona (Jicotes) and Tetragonisca (mariolas) being the most used genus by meliponiculturists. The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida (Murray 1867), is native to sub-Saharan Africa, where it is considered a minor pest among African honey bees. However, since its detection in honey bee hives of European origin in the United States (1998), it is considered an invasive pest causing serious problems for beekeeping. Both larvae and adult beetles feed on honey, pollen, and bee brood in Apis mellifera nests. In addition, it has great adaptability to different environments, from tropical conditions to temperate climates. It has been reported in different countries, such as Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and Brazil. The first report on Africanized bees in Central America was in El Salvador, then in Nicaragua, and was later confirmed in Costa Rica and Guatemala. It is reported that A. tumida can infest colonies of native stingless bees (meliponinos) and bumble bee (Bombus sp.). Its presence has been reported in colonies of Melipona beecheii, Dactylurina staudingerii, Trigona carbonaria, Austroplebeia australis, Melipona rufiventris, Plebeia frontalis, and Bombus impatiens. In Costa Rica, even though systematic research of the beetle in colonies of native stingless bees has not been conducted, to date its presence has not been reported. In a preliminary monitoring, colonies of M. beecheii, located near the initial focus of detection of the beetle in La Cruz, Guanacaste, were examined, resulting negative. Since meliponiculture is conducted in different regions of Costa Rica, native stingless bee colonies should be monitored for small hive beetles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".