Hybrid Carbon Sphere Chain–MnO<sub>2</sub> Nanorods as Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts for Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is now recognized that the development of self-supported and efficient bifunctional air cathodes via the direct growth of earth-abundant catalysts onto the surface of the conductive collector would be a cutting-edge strategy to reduce interfacial resistance, enhance the mechanical tenure, and reduce the final weight and cost of manufacturing of rechargeable Zn–air batteries (ZABs). This work reports an innovative self-supported precious metal-free electrode, comprising carbon sphere chains (CSCs) directly grown onto a carbon paper (CP) substrate, wherein the CSCs have a functionalized surface bearing carbon nanobud defects, oxygen functional groups, and high-density MnO2 hierarchical nanorods (NRs), uniformly coating the surface of CSCs. Not only is the metal-free functionalized CSC catalyst functional for both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) but its combination with MnO2 NRs impressively enhances the ORR/OER activities. A homemade ZAB assembled with functionalized CSC/MnO2 air cathode can successfully power a timer for a period of 17 days with no voltage loss, whereas two series-connected ZABs can light up 39 red light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs. The self-supported and earth-abundant-based CSC/MnO2 materials open up an opportunity for lightweight and cost-effective ZABs and metal–air batteries in general.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".