The Coexistence of Paternal Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms in Ireland During the Early Postnatal Period
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: For most fathers, the early postnatal period is a time of great joy and happiness; however, some fathers experience difficulties in repositioning themselves in relation to their partner, child, and work, which can lead to increased stress, anxiety and depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the coexistence of paternal stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms in the early postnatal period (0–4 days). Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive correlational design was used. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire comprising the Perceived Stress Scale, the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Demographic data collected included the father’s age, number of children, level of education, relationship status, nationality, and their mental health history including that of their partner. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to investigate factors associated the coexistence of symptoms. Results: A total of 336 fathers were included in the study. Forty-three fathers (12.8%) met the criteria for the coexistence of stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms. The coexistence of two or more symptoms of stress, anxiety, or depression was almost twice as common as having only one symptom. A self-reported history of anxiety (P < 0.001), a negative experience of labor and birth (P < 0.001), and being of a younger age (P = 0.034) were significantly associated with the coexistence of stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms. Limitations: The data collected was cross-sectional; therefore, causal links cannot be determined. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need to move away from the predominant focus on depression which has existed among researchers and clinicians, to encompass a broader understanding of adverse paternal mental health outcomes to include stress, anxiety, and the coexistence of symptoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".