Paleoproterozoic Earth and the transition toward modern tectonic processes: A synopsis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many of the hallmarks of modern plate-tectonic processes first occurred in the Paleoproterozoic Era, indicating that the mechanical, thermal, and compositional parameters of Earth’s lithosphere had evolved to approximately modern ranges of values by that time. The core of Laurentia preserves widespread examples of both convergent and divergent tectonic processes in the time span from 2.2 to 1.7 Ga, particularly within the Trans-Hudson composite orogen. Large continental masses or supercontinents previously accreted during the Neoarchean Era began to break up between 2.4 and 2.0 Ga, leading to the deposition of widespread passive-margin sedimentary prisms and locally voluminous emplacement of mafic magma in radiating dike swarms. Further rifting and drifting led to the formation of incipient (e.g., Bravo Formation) to fully developed oceanic crust (e.g., Manikewan Ocean). Plate convergence beginning ca. 1.92 Ga heralded the demise of the Manikewan Ocean ~150 m.y. after its postulated opening. Protracted subduction of oceanic lithosphere over a period of ~90 m.y. produced a series of island arcs, some of which (Lynn Lake, Flin Flon, Snow Lake) host world-class volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) ± Au deposits. Plate convergence also led to progressive southeastward (present-day coordinates) accretion of microplates on a pre-amalgamated core consisting of the Slave craton and the Rae and Hearne “Provinces,” forming the Churchill plate. Following the formation of the Churchill plate collage ca. 1.86 Ga, subduction of oceanic lithosphere organized along an ~4000-km-long, north-dipping subduction zone along the southeastern edge of the Churchill plate, producing voluminous continental arc magmas in an Andean-type setting. The final phase of tectonic evolution involved collision of the Superior and North Atlantic cratons with the Churchill plate and intervening juvenile oceanic arc terranes. That phase was strongly influenced by the irregular shape of the indenting Superior craton, favoring the development of oroclines and leading to escape tectonics and lateral extrusion of continental microplates. For the most part, the Trans-Hudson was a hot but not necessarily thick orogen, perhaps reflecting a higher geothermal gradient during the Paleoproterozoic Era.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".