Regulation of IL-37 and its signaling co-receptor IL-1R8 in HIV infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract IL-37 is a member of the IL-1 family with potent anti-inflammatory and immune deviating effects. The cytokine exerts its biological effects via IL-1R8 (also formerly known as TIR-8 and SIGIRR), the signaling component of its receptor. Little is known about the regulation of the cytokine and of its receptor in HIV infection. The objective of this study was to investigate how the production of the cytokine and the expression of the signalling component of its receptor on immune cells was regulated in HIV infection. The study was conducted using biological samples from a cross section of HIV-infected individuals. Concentrations of the cytokine and soluble (shed) IL-1R8 in serum samples were determined by ELISA. The expression of IL-1R8 on immune cells was determined by flow cytometry. The effects of exogenous IL-37 on HIV replication in human PHA blasts were determined in in vitro assays. We found that the cytokine concentrations tended to decrease in treatment-naïve HIV-infected individuals compared with the ART-treated patients. Higher concentrations of the cytokine were observed in sera from LTNP. The transcripts for the most complete isoform of the cytokine, b, disappeared from the patients’ PBMC. The expression of IL-1R8 on immune cells was decreased in HIV-infected individuals. On the other hand, concentrations of its soluble form increased in the sera from the virus-infected individuals. The trend was reversed in the patients undergoing anti-retroviral treatment. Soluble IL-1R8 attenuated anti-inflammatory effects of the cytokine. Collectively, these results suggest that the IL-37/IL-1R8 axis is functionally compromised in HIV-infected individuals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".