Helminth-induced modulation of neuroinflammation in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Environmental factors play an important role in multiple sclerosis (MS) disease progression, but the exact cause remains unknown. The hygiene hypothesis suggests that a lack of exposure to microbes may alter disease susceptibility. Helminths in particular may play a role in preventing autoimmune disease due to the type 2 immune response they typically induce. Trichinella spiralis (Ts) first forms a transient intestinal infection followed by chronic infection where it exerts type 2 and regulatory immune responses, respectively. To evaluate the role of helminth infection in development and progression of MS, C57BL/6J mice were first chronically infected with Ts, then immunized with MOG35–55 to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. Ts-infected EAE mice have an altered disease course compared to uninfected controls, demonstrating delayed onset, reduced incidence, and symptom remission. Despite an overall decrease in lymphocyte recruitment to the central nervous system (CNS) in Ts/EAE mice, elevated numbers of infiltrating Th2 cells are maintained through the EAE disease course. In contrast, regulatory T cell expansion is dependent on the presence or absence of EAE symptoms. Histological analysis of cellular infiltration and demyelination in the spinal cord indicate limited demyelination with reduced infiltration into the parenchyma of Ts/EAE mice compared to EAE controls. Further immunophenotyping in the CNS to evaluate the contributions of infiltrating macrophages will be performed, as well as analyses of the cytokine milieu in the CNS. These results suggest that chronic Ts infection limits neuroinflammation, as shown by reduced clinical, immunological, and pathologic signs of EAE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".