Gp120 plays a role in the hypo-functionality of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in HIV infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We have investigated the functionality of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) in HIV-1 infected individuals. The pathway plays an important role in regulating inflammatory process in the body. Acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter, is the main effector molecule of the CAP. It is produced by CD4+ T cells, intestinal epithelial cells as well as by neurons in the body, and exerts its effects via nicotinic (n) and muscarinic (m) Acetylcholine receptors (AChR). Through these receptors, ACh modulates differentiation, proliferation and effector functions of immune cells in the body. Little is known about the regulation of the non-neuronal CAP in HIV infections. To investigate it, we measured concentrations of ACh and the Secreted Ly6/Urokinase type plasminogen activator Receptor-related Peptide-1 (SLURP-1, an allosteric ligand for the α-7nAChR) in the circulation of HIV-infected individuals. The concentrations of both ACh and SLURP-1 were increased in treatment-naïve HIV-infected individuals. In contrast to an increase in the concentrations of ACh and SLURP-1, the expression of the α-7nAChR was significantly decreased on immune cells in the virus-infected individuals. We investigated the effects of gp-120 on the expression of this receptor. We found that the treatment of the human PBMC with recombinant gp120 reduces the expression of α-7nAChR on immune cells. Interestingly, the treatment increases the binding of α-bungarotoxin, a ligand for nAChR. Collectively, these results suggest that the non-neuronal CAP is functionally compromised in HIV-infected individuals and gp120 plays a role in the hypo-functionality by down-regulating the expression of α-7nAChR on the peripheral blood immune cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".