The fish adaptive immune response and its suppression by helminths
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Helminth infections can immunosuppress hosts, leaving them vulnerable to co-infection. This talk will present a model of helminth immunosuppression: the teleost, stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), and its helminth, Schistocephalus solidus. The teleost adaptive immune response is thought to occur in the melano-macrophage center (MMC). This structure is the proposed site in which B cells proliferate and generate high affinity antibody, homologous to germinal centers in mammals. Stickleback MMCs transiently increase in size following immunization, suggesting that the MMC likely participates in the adaptive immune response. Infection of stickleback with S.solidus, however, suppresses MMC size, suggesting helminth-mediated immunosuppression. To investigate the mechanisms underlying parasite-mediated immunosuppression in teleosts, wild populations of Vancouver Island stickleback were identified that vary in their magnitude of helminth-mediated immunoregulation. Helminth-infected stickleback from Gosling lake show suppressed MMC responses, while Roberts lake fish are refractory to helminth-induced immunosuppression. The resistance of Roberts lake fish to immunosuppression, however, is helminth genotype specific, with some helminth genotypes able to suppress MMC size. F2 hybrid fish were generated from Gosling and Roberts populations and QTL analysis was performed to identify loci associated with differential immunoregulation of the MMC response by helminths. As MMCs are found in most teleosts (and reptiles and amphibians), these findings highlight a new and broadly applicable assay of immunity in both laboratory and wild animals, which does not require the development of species-specific reagents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".