Testing Ground Fault Protection of Generating Units With Frequency-Selective Grounding
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper experimentally evaluates responses of ground fault protection for synchronous generators, which are grounded using frequency-selective grounding. Frequency-selective grounding is designed to provide a low ground impedance path (similar to solid grounding) for high frequency zero-sequence current components. This grounding system also provides an impedance similar to a low-resistance grounding for low frequency zero-sequence current components. The frequency-dependent equivalent impedance of frequency-selective grounding can affect ground potential and current, which are typically used as inputs for ground fault protective relays. Effects of frequency-selective grounding on ground fault protection are experimentally evaluated using a 7.5 kVA synchronous generator. Experimental tests are conducted for different implementations of ground fault protection, when responding to fault and non-fault events. Evaluation results detailed in this paper demonstrate the negligible effects of frequency-selective grounding on responses of different ground fault protective relays.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it