A Review of Chemically Induced Intercalation and Deintercalation in Battery Materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Intercalation is the fundamental process underlying lithium‐ion batteries and related technologies. While intercalation is electrochemically induced in batteries, it can also be performed with chemical redox agents. In principle, the two processes are equivalent, although there can be differences, such as rate control, side reactions, and charge transfer mechanisms. Chemically induced intercalation can be used where electrochemical methods are impractical or impossible and continues to inspire innovative applications. This chemistry is important in synthesis and pretreatment of intercalation materials, with novel impactful applications emerging that range from lithium recycling to intercalation material‐based redox flow batteries. This review summarizes the use of chemical intercalation and serves as a resource for selecting and optimizing methods specific to material and application. Covering the whole life cycle of intercalation materials: development, synthesis, use, and finally recycling, it can be expected that these reactions will continue to have great impact on the path toward efficient and cheap energy storage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".