Hybrid Composite Foams Based on Pb Alloys for Lightweight Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A low-cost direct melt foaming approach was used to develop a new Pb alloy-based composite foams containing hybrid of gas pores and closed cell porosity in the form of hollow ceramic particles to be alternative to the traditional Pb grids in Lead acid battery (LAB). The novel Pb alloy-based composite foams were used as plates in manufacturing of lightweight LAB. The LAB was evaluated in terms of weight saved and electrochemical performance, including cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic polarization and specific discharge capacity. The cyclic voltammetry results of the composite foams revealed that the composite foam required a higher voltage for oxidation, indicating that Pb oxidation occurred at a slower rate in the composite foams. Galvanostatic measurements showed that the composite foam took a longer duration in the oxidation of Pb into PbSO4 , implying that the battery developed in the current work would have a longer lifespan than a conventional LAB. The specific electrical discharge capacity of the LAB made of composite foams was higher than that of traditional LAB. The density of the composite foam plate was much lower than those of the conventional Pb alloys, indicating that the weights of the composite foam plates were lower than those of the conventional lead alloys. These findings suggested that the LAB with plates made of composite foams developed in the present work can be a feasible alternative to traditional Pb grids used in LAB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".