An Adaptive Event-Triggered Distributed PID Control for State of Charge Balancing of Multiple Batteries Based Electric Vehicles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work designs a distributed proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller integrated with the adaptive event-triggered (AET) mechanism to cope with the state of charge (SoC) balancing issue while ensuring the stability of the voltage of DC bus in multiple batteries based electric vehicles (EVs). The SoC balancing is realized by the distributed PID controller in the multiple bidirectional DC-DC converter buck-boost circuit, so that the battery with the high SoC value releases more energy and absorbs less energy, and the battery with low SoC absorbs more energy and releases less energy. Meanwhile, the adaptive eventtriggered strategy configured with each battery proposed in this work can adjust the release threshold according to the deviation of each SoC from the average value, which can greatly reduce unnecessary waste of communication resources while achieving SoC balancing. A three-battery based EVs with time-varying operating mode is simulated to verify the effectiveness of the designed approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".