A Three-Phase Model to Evaluate Effects of Phase Diffusivity and Volume Fraction upon the Crack Propagation in Concrete Subjected to External Sulphate Attack
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study models concrete as a multi-phase system that comprises the mortar, coarse aggregates, and interfacial transition zones (ITZs). The diffusivity and the volumetric fraction of these phases are considered to propose a three-phase diffusion–reaction model to simulate the external sulphate attack. Furthermore, the parametric analysis alongside the sensitivity analysis is carried out to quantify the effect of these phases on the expansive cracking in concrete when exposed to a sulphate-rich environment. The results show that mortar dominates the sulphate ingress and the ensuing distress, while the ITZ is found to be least significant. Due to its significantly low permeability, the coarse aggregate may act as a “deceleration strip” or a “dam”, which in turn obstructs the sulphate penetration. More importantly, this effect is further noted to evolve with a decrease in the diffusivity and a rise in the volumetric fraction of coarse aggregates. As for ITZ, its volume fraction may play a more dominant role than its diffusivity on sulphate attack in concrete.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".