Thermodynamic Calculations Support a Rain Cloud Model of Chondrule Formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Thermodynamic calculations using the critically evaluated and optimized FactSage databases lead to the conclusion that chondrules of all types were formed from a “rain cloud” of undercooled liquid oxide droplets that were in equilibrium with the solar nebula. The droplets subsequently solidified rapidly and stochastically in the temperature and pressure gradients of the nebula to form solid chondrules that retained the compositions of the liquid droplets and thereafter were no longer in thermodynamic equilibrium with the nebular gas. This provides a simple unified model for the formation of chondrules in all chondrite meteorites including chondrule-like calcia alumina inclusions, anorthite-rich chondrules, and magnesio-silicate chondrules. Other models of chondrule formation, including the currently favored models of melting of pre-existing solids, are not consistent with thermodynamic calculations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".