Temperature and Frequency Dependent Nonlinearities of an Integrated Hydro-Pneumatic System with Mixed Gas-Oil Emulsion Flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Hydro-pneumatic suspension (HPS) systems is increasingly being implemented on commercial vehicles, mainly attributing to the integration of adaptable nonlinear pneumatic-stiffness and hydraulic-damping properties. The integrated HPS design with shared gas-oil chamber, however, leads to gas-oil emulsion flow within the suspension chambers which intricately affects internal and external properties of the HPS, especially under variations in temperature and excitation frequency. This study experimentally and analytically investigated the temperature- and frequency-dependent properties of the hydro-pneumatic suspension with the gas-oil emulsion. The laboratory experiments are performed under three different near-constant temperatures (30, 40 and 50°C) in the 0.5–8 Hz frequency range. An analytical model of the HPS is formulated considering the effects of temperature on internal fluid properties, gas-oil emulsion flows between coupled chambers, dynamic seal friction, and polytropic change in the gas state. The internal parameters, including the gas volume fraction and discharge coefficient of the emulsion and the dynamic friction components, as well as the external stiffness and damping characteristics are identified. The relationships between these properties and the system temperature, velocity and excitation frequency are further investigated. The simulated responses obtained under different excitations showed reasonably good agreements with the experimental results of the HPS. The results suggested that increased temperature yielded greater equivalent stiffness and comparable damping properties of the system. The gas volume fraction, discharge coefficient and magnitude of seal friction generally tended to increase with increasing temperature. Increased excitation frequency leaded to greater hysteresis in hydraulic damping force and seal friction, and reduced seal friction magnitude and Stribeck effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".